Cause and Effect Essay - Factory Farms Cause Sickness and...

Cause and Effect Essay - Factory Farms Cause Sickness and Pollution There is little doubt that animals raised on small-scale diverse farms are apt to be healthier. When allowed to range freely, particularly in organically maintained yards and pastures, they receive more exercise, their diet is more varied and they are exposed to commensal bacteria that help exclude, and build resistance to, harmful pathogens. Some organic practitioners also argue that free-ranging animals actively seek out plants with medicinal properties that can build their resistance to illness, When Livestock production is carried out on a scale that suits the global market, however, huge numbers of animals are kept in tightly confined conditions, and†¦show more content†¦The newest class of antibiotics, fluoroquinolones- viewed as the last line of defence for some human infections- are already proving ineffective against some bacteria strains. An epidemiologist for the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that among public health officials  ³there is no controversy about where antibiotic resistance in food-borne pathogens comes from ²: the heavy use of antibiotics is to blame. The huge amounts of manure that the industrial livestock farms produce also represent a human health risk. In the Cape Fear region of North Carolina, for example, factory hog farms produce ten million metric tonnes of waste annually, equal to that produced by forty million people. When heavy rains hit in 1999, numerous lagoons containing the manure burst. In one case, two million gallons of hog waste spilled when a lagoon ruptured at a farm that raises hogs for a subsidiary of Smithfield Foods, the largest pork producer in the United States. Such manure spills were one reason the storm left 400,000 wells in North Carolina contaminated. Health officials expressed concern that an outbreak of gastrointestinal and other diseases, such as pathogenic E. coli, might be caused by contaminated drinking water. Other agribusiness livestock practices are equally alarming. Monsanto has been aggressively marketing rBGH, a recombinant form of a naturally occurring hormone, for use in dairy cows. The use of the genetically engineeredShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On Human Health And Our Environment Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagescontribution to global warming than all transportation in the world combined; it is the number one cause of climate change† (Foer 43) and that is Animal agriculture. Over the years the meat industry has been unconcerned about the deterioration of our environment and has taken upon corrupt practices. The industry only focuses on their profits instead of the unhygienic condition animals live in and the effect diseases can have on human health and our environment. 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A Brief Note On Summative Assessment Of Unions - 1475 Words

Summative Assessment of Unions Thesis statement For workers to create a viable union that will represent their wishes in the best way possible, it’s best they organize and lead the campaign themselves. Introduction It is a common belief that the best organizers are the workers in a given organization. It is emphasized that at every stage of organizing process, there should be active participation of the workers who are seeking representation (Bronfenbrenner, 2013). It is very essential to getting the contract that they deserve other than just winning an election. As the person organizing, you have to talk to your co-workers. Talking with them will enable you to know if you share the same concerns regarding your job or if the management†¦show more content†¦It is recommended that the number of the employees in a committee should be around 10. How do you build majority support? After forming a committee, you need to build support for the union by talking to other employees. This begins the ‘public’ phase of your campaign. The best way to build support is by getting the workers to sign a public petition that supports the unions’ key issue and goals. Most employers will , on the other hand, launch their camping against the union at this point. How do you choose to go union? It largely depends on where you and your co-workers work. If it’s private organization, workers, make a choice through elections that are overseen by the National Labor Relations Board. In a public sector, you can make a union either through majority sign-up or a tradition union election. What about the employer’s campaign? Employers will use different techniques as a way of preventing the union. Some techniques used are creating conflict between the workers so as to divide the union support and to create an atmosphere of fear. The union I would choose to help us organize and why There are so many unions that can help use, but the one that I will go for is the CWA. When we successfully organize and get CWA representation, we will get a real voice at workplace and job. The following are some of the benefits of joining CWA (Markowitz, 2014): We will get a legal right to bargain

Cloning In The 20Th Century Essay Research free essay sample

Cloning In The twentieth Century Essay, Research Paper We have seen amusing stuff in the films and on telecasting. The amusement industry normally shows it in a humourous state of affairs such as Danny Devito and Arnold Schwannager as genetically engineered twins while Michael Keaton was duplicated to do his life easier. Cloning is merely achieved after intensive research and experimentation where as in the films ; it is made out to be every bit easy as 1, 2, 3. Even though animate being and human cloning has merely been announced late to the populace, it has been around for the many decennaries, and is really good to our future coevalss. In 1938, a German scientist by the name of Hans Spemann came to the decision that beings can, in fact, be reproduced. His belief was that by transfering the cardinal component of one animate being s cell into the egg of another animate being, the animate being could be reproduced, or cloned. We will write a custom essay sample on Cloning In The 20Th Century Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dr. Spemann believed that the cardinal component or karyon of a cell contained the familial design for the construction of the being. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1935 for his find of what he called the organiser consequence ( Bio of Hans ) . After Spemenn s find, there were two other attempts to retroflex what he did. The first was in 1952, when American scientists tried by inculcating the karyon of a frog s embryo into a frog egg, but this effort resulted in failure. In 1970, a British scientist repeated the same experiment. This effort resulted in the development of some specimens, which died after making the polliwog phase. Over clip, there have been many claims to cloning, but have all turned up as either frauds or they produced beings that have died after a few yearss ( Plutonium ) . There have been cases of cloning with several types of animate beings get downing in 1984. Embryonic carnal cells were what ringers were produced from in the yesteryear. Scientists have developed a new procedure called bodily cell atomic transportation, which is performed utilizing nature cells. This is the scientific discipline that was used to bring forth Dolly in 1997. It has been said that after 277 failures, Dolly was eventually produced. The squad of scientists who made Dolly described that they removed cells from under the arm of an grownup sheep, starved those cells from foods so they would come in a hibernating province and so used an electrical charge to coerce the cell s pores to open. 277 different eggs and cells were fused together. Of those 277 fused eggs, merely 29 survived and were implanted into 13 Ewe. These Ewes were to move as the alternate female parents. Of those 29, merely one sheep embryo survived. This embryo was born on July of 1996 and was named Dolly. This celebrated sheep was introduced to the populace in February of 1997 and was named after the state music vocalist Dolly Parton. Plants every bit good as animate beings can be cloned. The chief difference in these two processs is that for the past 2000 old ages, we have been coercing the workss to reproduce by methods of grafting and root film editing. The chief end is to clone workss that will be superior to those workss that occur of course. Scientists hope that these new, genetically altered workss will be more immune to insects, viruses and bacteriums with improved nutritionary qualities and longer lives. This would non merely profit adult male, but a batch of workss are besides used in the production of medical specialty ( Clone 2: 832 ) . Animal cloning would besides let an effectual survey of human familial diseases such as cystic fibrosis and Down s syndrome. It can even set an terminal to the deficit of human graft variety meats by the usage of trangenetic animate beings. These animate beings have been genetically altered to that their variety meats would be partly made up of human stuff ( Reibstein and Reals 58 ) . This method would one time once more convey the rights of animate beings into concern. A batch of contention could originate in raising animate beings entirely to bring forth drugs, experiment on or take variety meats from. Scientists feel that it may be possible to reprogram tegument or blood cells so that they will turn into trim parts of tissues and variety meats instead than whole beings but this would be many old ages into the devising. Many of these methods will non be practical in the close hereafter but there are other cloning methods that can assist those that are already alive. It can assist in developing new interventions for disease, remedy disease, and salvage lives. One disease that cloning would hopefully assist would be Parkinson s disease, which is a disease of the nervous system. Scientists could pull strings cells to turn into healthy encephalon cells ( Cloning 159 ) . Still another usage is turning variety meats and/or tissues for worlds. Cells can be manipulated to return to their embryologic phase and so these cells will hold the possible to turn into other issues, cells, etc. This is done through chemical signals called fibroblast growing factors. These signals # 8220 ; state # 8221 ; the cells what to make. These same chemical signals are besides used on embryos. The fibroblast growing factors tell the cells what to go. Hans Spemann found the organiser consequence, which is how the embryologic cells are aligned. The organiser consequence shows that # 8220 ; the anterior parts of it ( the cell ) tend to bring forth the parts of the caput and the posterior parts of it parts of the tail ( underside ) .† ( †Biography of Hans Speeman† ) By bring forthing organs/tissues genetically indistinguishable to that a patient, there would be less hazard of rejection and the patient would be spared from the demand to take heavy medicine that suppresses the immune system. Transplant patients would profit the most from this because there are non anyplace near adequate organ givers for those who need the variety meats. On top of that, the patients so have to wait and see if the organ is the right size and if the organic structure will reject the organ. Human bodies attack what is non genetically likewise to the specific organic structure ; therefore, transplant variety meats are rejected at times even with the medicine that tries to stamp down this action. Another technique of transportation cloning obtains healthy grownup cells and reprograms them # 8220 ; so that they are embryologic and have the possible to turn into any type of tissue. # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; Potential uses # 8221 ; 980 ) This method could be used to bring fo rth root cells, which are uniform or unspecialised, capable of being any tissue/organ. Stem cells could be used to replace the country of damaged nervus tissue, which does non renew. This procedure can besides be used to turn variety meats for those who need them or even bone marrow. Gene cloning can be used to bring forth vaccinums and endocrines, it already has led to the cheap production of insulin for diabetes and of growing endocrines for kids who do non bring forth adequate endocrines for normal growing. Monoclonal antibodies used the immune system to contend off disease could be injected into the blood system where it would seek out and assail a tracer component to the cloned antibody that would be able to turn up concealed malignant neoplastic diseases in the organic structure. They would attach malignant neoplastic disease contending drugs to the tracer and the intervention dosage could be transported straight to the malignant neoplastic disease cells ( Clone 2:833 ) . Other recent finds in genetic sciences have led to the hope of finally being able to rewire several spinal cord nervousnesss. Probes of this theory have included cistron survey on worms, fruit flies, rats and worlds. Hopefully be deriving more information on how growing nervousnesss are guided will do it possible in the hereafter to pull strings their growing and let the fix of cut off nervousnesss in the spinal cord ( Advances ) . Cloning research could do a big difference in the quality of life for a big figure of people. It would non hold to be used to clone worlds themselves. Harmonizing to the Human Cloning Foundation, this procedure can assist people with familial jobs ; those who have a high hazard for Down s Syndrome can avoid that hazard by cloning # 8230 ; we may be able to do livers for liver grafts, and kidneys for kidney grafts. We should be able to make bone marrow for kids and grownups who are enduring from leukaemia, and we may larn how to exchange cells on and off through cloning and therefore be able to bring around malignant neoplastic disease. Thus, before an unnaturally fertilized embryo is implanted a cell from the embryo, it could be cloned and analyzed for cistrons that cause diseases. This manner an embryo with the highest opportunity of good wellness and endurance could be selected for nidation. Although a prohibition on the cloning of worlds may be desirable to some, scientists argue that a prohibition would restrict scientific research that could profit worlds. In an attempt to supply an option to a entire prohibition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration declared it illegal to clone worlds without FDA blessing. This would forestall the cloning of human existences but would let scientific research to go on. Researches that will let scientists to further analyze the procedure and benefits of cloning. The filed of genetic sciences has advanced by springs and bounds. Cloning has gone from cutting works stems to bring forth new workss to cloning toads. Since so, a immense spring was made in the production of the sheep Dolly. In our imaginativenesss cloning might be the material of scientific discipline fiction but in world, I don t foresee my ringer standing following to me, an ground forces of Hitlers taking over the universe, giving birth to # 8220 ; myself # 8221 ; or holding a headless ringer merely hanging around waiting for me to reap organic structure parts as needed. I do see responsible and reasonable guidelines implemented. Familial scientists have approached cloning with cautiousness and followed a moral codification of behavior and I expect them to go on to make so. As they make promotions in genetic sciences, we will see diseases cured, the sickly returned to good wellness, and other medical miracles become world. Bibliography Library Resources + # 8220 ; Clone and cloning. # 8221 ; Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Vol.2: 832+ . + Editor: Bridget Travers. 1995. + # 8220 ; Cloning. # 8221 ; Issues and Controversies on File. 18 Apr. 1997:153+ . + # 8220 ; Human Cloning in the Future. # 8221 ; Issues and Controversies on File 18 Apr. 1997: 159-160. Online Resources + Plutonium College hypertext transfer protocol: //earthops.org/cloning_history.html + # 8220 ; Potential Uses in Research UK intelligence ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www/telegraph.co.uk:80/et? ac=00064 # 8230 ; atmo=9999999 A ; pg=et/98/1/30/nclo130.html. ) + # 8220 ; Biography of Hans Spemann # 8221 ; ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nobel.se/laureates/medicine-1935-1-bio.html ) + Human Cloning Foundation. The benefits of human cloning ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.humancloning.org )

The Green beard effect Essay Example For Students

The Green beard effect Essay It stands to reason therefore that parents will protect their children selflessly because, in overly simplified terms, their offspring carries half of their genes. Brothers and sisters carry half of the same genes and this explains why they might behave altruistically towards each other. However, parental behaviour is far more altruistic and this is explained by this theory in terms of life expectancy; the greater the life expectancy, the greater the chance of the genes being replicated. However, it is difficult to understand why a person may behave altruistically towards grandparents and other elderly members of the family when often this doesn’t appear to benefit the actor’s genetic success directly or indirectly; the fact that this seems to decrease the fitness of the actor means that this provides a limitation regarding the kin selection concept within the selfish gene theory when trying to explain cooperative and social behaviours. We will write a custom essay on The Green beard effect specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another challenge to the kin selection theory is the questionable ability of the actor to be able to distinguish someone with whom they are related from someone with whom they are not. Dawkins (1976) explains a person’s capacity to discriminate outside of direct kin through a phenomenon known as the Green beard effect (Hamilton, 1964, 1975; Dawkins, 1976; Jansen Van Baalen, 2006). According to Dawkins (1976) genes help to program those they embody to behave in ways that ensure their survival and replication; this genetically influenced behaviour is known as phenotypic (Johannsen, 1911). Dawkins posits that the closer organisms are related the more genes they will share and where the phenotypic propensity is to behave altruistically, these organisms will behave in this way towards each other to protect the interest of those genes. This apparent altruistic behaviour is therefore selfish at the level of the genes even if it appears to be altruistic at the level of the organism and so kin discrimination is an ultimately selfish mechanism to ensure copies of these shared genes are populated in greater numbers. Another way of ensuring that the actor bestows these generosities on those who share their genes is the assumption that the recipients live near to the actor which is known as limited dispersal. This is the theory that a person is more likely to help another person from a neighbouring group due to an increased likelihood that they might share genes based upon the proximity and the likelihood that the degree of relatedness will therefore be above average for the population (Hamilton, 1964). More recent research demonstrates that the potential benefits from cooperation through higher probabilities of relatedness are cancelled out by the competition led to by this relatedness (Kummerli et al, 2008) and that cooperation is more likely to be favoured when those who share a higher degree of relatedness disperse in groups, this is known as budding dispersal (Kummerli et al, 2008). This may mean that dispersal does have a benefit on the selection of cooperative traits at the genetic level but only if the organisms disperse in groups; SGT would likely suggest that genes therefore influence people to disperse in groups to reap these fitness benefits. Whilst this discrimination towards helping those who share the same genes makes sense, based on this logic is it incapable of explaining why cooperative and social behaviours occur between those who do not share genes. Why would a person behave in a way that seemingly has no fitness benefits for themselves or those of possible genetic significance and furthermore what if this behaviour appears to bestow cost on the actor. An explanation for why people help others when they are not related to the recipient is ‘reciprocal altruism’ (Trivers 1971; Kreb Davies, 1993; Griffin West, 2002; Frank, 2003; West et al, 2006; Lehmann Keller, 2006) this is where people help each other on the assumed proviso that when they need help another person will return this type of behaviour (Frank, 2003; West et al, 2006). .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 , .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .postImageUrl , .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 , .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9:hover , .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9:visited , .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9:active { border:0!important; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9:active , .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9 .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8768ff6a65d7f899dd07bddf95387a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Zeus And Hera EssaySGT would stress that through this interaction there is a direct long term fitness benefit for the actor. However, without concrete reciprocal altruism where by favours are paid directly in proportion to the original favour in exactly equal measures, there is no certainty that the favour will ever be returned and therefore this concept may be found wanting; this will be demonstrated later when the public goods game is explained outlining the ways in which this type of behaviour decreases over time. Perhaps these social and cooperative behaviours are better understood when they are examined in their context; the impact of a behaviour on individual fitness relative to the group to which the individual belongs. There is evidence that some people have a strong predisposition to act in a way that rewards cooperative behaviour and punishes those who violate this norm and they do so in a way which incurs significant cost to themselves with seemingly no expectation of reciprocation by any other party at any date in the future, altruistically. This behaviour is indiscriminate and thus attempts to explain cooperative and social behaviours directed outside of those related to the actor; this propensity is known as strong reciprocity and there is experimental evidence to support its existence. Drawing again on game theory, the ‘public goods’ game is an experimental means to measure cooperation between people who have never met in a situation where there are repeated interactions with outcomes that either benefit the group as a whole or the individual. Each individual starts the game with the same number of points; these points are swapped at the end of the game for real money. The players are told that there will be a set number of rounds, 10 for example and that in each round they can contribute a certain percentage of their points in to a common account and the rest in to their own personal account. At the end of each round the experimenters would tell the players the total amount in the common account and would pay a percentage of this in to the personal accounts of all the players.